We must look at Filipino boxing legend Manny For those who want to understand why, keep reading (hopefully this is still everyone). This topic is — surprise, surprise — very nuanced, and almost always bastardized when oversimplified, which I’m about to do, though hopefully less than most. In part III (and possibly a part IV) of that series, I’ll go more into the actions of ketones and why you may or may not want to consider putting yourself into a state where your liver makes them. There seems to be great confusion around . Melancholyaeon July 18, 2013 Discover Deli with a Difference! Established in 1932, Deli Brands of America has a tradition of quality and value that is unsurpassed.Your customers will taste the. But, before I try to dispel any of the confusion, we need to go through a little primer on what I like to call “fat flux.”One point before diving in, please do not assume because I’m writing this post that I think adiposity (the technical term for relative amount of fat in the body) is the most important thing to worry about. While there is a correlation between high adiposity (excessive fat) and metabolic dysfunction, that correlation is far from perfect, and, as I’ve discussed elsewhere, I think the arrow of causation goes from metabolic dysfunction to adiposity, not the reverse. In other words, the number of adipocytes (fat cells) we have as an adult does not change nearly as much as their size and fat content.
Fat flux 1. 01. According to “An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English,” the word flux comes from the Latin word fluxus and fluere, which mean “flow” and “to flow,” respectively. While the term has a clear mathematical meaning in physics, defined by a dot product I promise I won’t speak of, you can think of flux as the net throughput which takes into account positive and negative accumulation. If we start with a bucket of water and put a hole in the bottom, the result, needless to say, is an efflux of water, or negative water flux. Since TAG are too big to bring across cell membranes, they need to be “hydrolyzed” first into free fatty acids, then re- assembled (re- esterified) back into TAG. Translocates GLUT4 transporters to the plasma membrane from endosomes within the cell. Once bound to albumin the free fatty acids are free to travel elsewhere in the body for use (e. ATP). Though not shown in this figure, insulin appears to indirectly act on malonyl- Co. A, a potent inhibitor of CPT I, one of the most important mitochondrial enzymes that facilitates the oxidation of fatty acids. High levels of insulin promote fat storage and inhibit fat oxidation, and low levels of insulin promote fat mobilization or release along with fat oxidation. If this sounds crazy – the notion that insulin plays such a crucial role in fat tissue — consider the following two clinical extremes: type 1 diabetes (T1. D) and insulinoma. In the former, the immune system destroys beta- cells (the pancreatic cells that make insulin) – this is an extreme case of low insulin. They literally lost all fat and muscle. I’ve tried to size the arrows accordingly to match their relative contributions of each input and output. The first figure, below, shows a state of fat balance, or zero net fat flux. Input #1: De novo lipogenesis, or “DNL” – Until the early 1. It was about 5%, hence the tiny red arrow under a state of fat balance (i. A very important point to be mindful of, however, is this: this represents an average throughout the body and does not differentiate specifically between, say, DNL in the liver and DNL in the periphery (i. This limitation is not trivial, but rather than focus on the very specific details of this paper, I’d rather use it as a framework for this discussion. The 1. 99. 5 paper also examined what happened to DNL during periods of over- and under- feeding CHO and fat.)(*) Marc is on the Scientific Advisory Board for Nu. SI, so perhaps I’m biased in my admiration of him and his work. Input #2: Re- esterification, or “RE” – In a state of fat balance, RE is largely composed of dietary fat sources that are not immediately used, but rather stored for later use. For the purpose of simplicity, this diagram does not show some portion of the L fraction returning to the RE fraction, though this is exactly what is happening in . This study, published in 1. Journal of Lipid Research, suggested that the RE process is a bit more complicated than simply re- assembling fatty acids on a glycerol backbone inside an adipocyte. For example, someone like me who is in fat balance (i. I’m neither gaining nor losing fat mass at this point), has virtually zero DNL, but quite high RE, especially after meals. This is where one actually gets the energy (ATP) from fatty acids. The same hormones and enzymes that promote L, directly or indirectly act on other intermediaries that promote oxidation, more or less. The converse is also largely true. Brief digression: I’m always troubled by folks who have never tried to take care of someone who is struggling to lose weight (fat), and who themselves have never been overweight, but who insist obesity is . This is probably the most rapid state of negative fat flux a human can experience. So what we do about it? I do not believe there is only one state, shy of total starvation, which will assuredly put you in state of negative fat flux. Yup, this is probably (though not necessarily) going to work, depending on how “profound” is defined. This is where the discussion gets really interesting. The rationale, of course, is provided by the first figure above (from the textbook) and a slew of clinical studies which I will not review here (see Gardner JAMA 2. Ludwig JAMA 2. 01. Shai NEJM 2. 00. 8 to name a few). But, the bigger question is why? Why do most (but not all, by the way) people with excess fat to spare who are on well- formulated carbohydrate- reduced diet lose fat? Or, do they eat less because they are losing weight? They are not giving up fat from their fat cells because they are eating less. If you can’t wait, which I can understand, I highly encourage you to start scouring the literature for Mark’s work. What?, you say, doesn’t this violate the First Law of Thermodynamics? What differentiates those in this camp (I was in this camp) from those above (point #1), is unclear to me. I’m not stating the obvious – that the deliberate EE is higher – that is clearly true. I’m suggesting resting EE is for some reason more likely to rise in this setting. It is also possible that this increase in free/available energy results in an increase in deliberate EE (i. They could be partly or mostly responsible for this. The literature is quite dilute with respect to this question, but in my experience (feel free to dismiss), it is not uncommon to see a reduction in cortisol and an increase in testosterone (I experienced about 5. Today, however, I don’t consume this much, closer to 3,8. I have always found the term “metabolic advantage” to be misleading, though I’m guilty of using it periodically. The question is not, does it exist? The questions are, why does it only exist in some people, what relevance does it have to fat loss – is it cause or effect? In my experience (and Gardner’s A TO Z trial seems to validate this, at least in pre- menopausal women), about 2. RQ environment. Using the Ornish diet as the example from this paper, I suspect the reason is multifactorial. It restricts sugar, flour, and processed carbohydrates. So, I don’t really know how likely it is to lose weight on a eucaloric diet that is 6. CHO and 2. 0% fat, if the quality of the carbohydrates is very poor (e. It’s quite possible, of course, since ketosis results in a large L and implies a very small DNL. Fat flux is net positive. Still in ketosis, by the way (quantified loosely by fasting levels of B- OHB greater than about 0. M), but not losing fat. That’s the problem with multivariate algebra (and physiology). Many people who enter nutritional ketosis do so, I worry, because they believe it “guarantees” fat loss. I hope I have convinced you that this is not true. It comes with some advantages and some disadvantages, just like other eating strategies. An error occurred while setting your user cookie. Please set your. browser to accept cookies to continue. This cookie stores just a. ID; no other information is captured. Accepting the NEJM cookie is. Design: Multicenter, randomized, double- blind, controlled trial of different durations of zidovudine prophylaxis. Setting: 2. 7 hospitals in Thailand. Participants: 1,4. HIV- infected pregnant women in PHPT- 1. Intervention: Zidovudine prophylaxis initiation at 2. Outcome measures: Haemoglobin level, leucocytes, total lymphocyte counts, and absolute neutrophil counts were measured at 2. The evolution of haematologicalparameters was estimated between 2. For each parameter, linear mixed models were adjusted on baseline sociodemographic variables, HIV clinical stage, CD4 count, and viral load. Results: Between 2. However, between 3. At delivery, the differences were not statistically significant, except for mean haemoglobin level, which remained slightly lower in the long zidovudine treatment group (difference: 0. Zidovudine had no negative impact on the absolute lymphocyte counts. Conclusion: Zidovudine initiated at 2. This result provides. Effects of Activity- Based Personalized Nutrition Education on Dietary Behaviors and Blood. Parameters in Middle- Aged and Older Type 2 Diabetes Korean Outpatients. Pub. Med Central. This study aimed to compare the effects of activity- based personalized nutrition education (APNE) with a general instruction for diabetes (control, CTRL) in middle- aged and older Korean outpatients with type 2 diabetes. After an initial screening, 7. APNE (n = 3. 7) or CTRL (n = 3. APNE considered each patient. After 3 months, dietary behavior, food intake, and anthropometric and blood measurement results were evaluated. Fasting blood glucose, 2- hour postprandial blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin levels decreased in the APNE group (n = 3. CTRL group (n = 2. In the APNE group, the meal intervals and number of days of consuming high- fat food were decreased, while the number of days following a meal plan and balanced diet that entailed consuming fruits, vegetables, and healthy food was increased. A lower consumption of carbohydrates, saccharides, grains, and tuber crops and a higher protein, pulses, and fat- derived calorie intake compared with the initial values were observed in the APNE group. In contrast, only the number of days following the meal plan and balanced diet was increased in the CRTL group, without significantly changing the individual macronutrient- derived calorie intake. The APNE approach appeared to effectively educate outpatients with type 2 diabetes about changing their dietary behavior and food intake and improving the clinical parameters related to diabetic conditions. PMID: 2. 78. 12. 51. The Effects of an Olive Fruit Polyphenol- Enriched Yogurt on Body Composition, Blood Redox Status, Physiological and Metabolic Parameters and Yogurt Microflora. Pub. Med. Georgakouli, Kalliopi; Mpesios, Anastasios; Kouretas, Demetrios; Petrotos, Konstantinos; Mitsagga, Chrysanthi; Giavasis, Ioannis; Jamurtas, Athanasios Z2. In the present study we investigated the effects of an olive polyphenol- enriched yogurt on yogurt microflora, as well as hematological, physiological and metabolic parameters, blood redox status and body composition. In a randomized double- blind, crossover design, 1. EC) or 4. 00 g of plain yogurt (control condition- CC) every day for two weeks. Physiological measurements and blood collection were performed before and after two weeks of each condition. The results showed that body weight, body mass index, hip circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased significantly (p < 0. A tendency towards significance for decreased levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p = 0. The population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and production of lactate in yogurt were significantly enhanced after addition of olive polyphenols, contrary to the population of yeasts and molds. The results indicate that consumption of the polyphenol- enriched yogurt may help individuals with non- declared pathology reduce body weight, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol levels and lipid peroxidation, and promote growth of beneficial LAB. PMID: 2. 72. 71. 66. The Effects of an Olive Fruit Polyphenol- Enriched Yogurt on Body Composition, Blood Redox Status, Physiological and Metabolic Parameters and Yogurt Microflora. Pub. Med Central. Georgakouli, Kalliopi; Mpesios, Anastasios; Kouretas, Demetrios; Petrotos, Konstantinos; Mitsagga, Chrysanthi; Giavasis, Ioannis; Jamurtas, Athanasios Z. In the present study we investigated the effects of an olive polyphenol- enriched yogurt on yogurt microflora, as well as hematological, physiological and metabolic parameters, blood redox status and body composition. In a randomized double- blind, crossover design, 1. Physiological measurements and blood collection were performed before and after two weeks of each condition. The results showed that body weight, body mass index, hip circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased significantly (p < 0. A tendency towards significance for decreased levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p = 0. The population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and production of lactate in yogurt were significantly enhanced after addition of olive polyphenols, contrary to the population of yeasts and molds. The results indicate that consumption of the polyphenol- enriched yogurt may help individuals with non- declared pathology reduce body weight, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol levels and lipid peroxidation, and promote growth of beneficial LAB. PMID: 2. 72. 71. 66. The Effects of an Olive Fruit Polyphenol- Enriched Yogurt on Body Composition, Blood Redox Status, Physiological and Metabolic Parameters and Yogurt Microflora. Pub. Med. Georgakouli, Kalliopi; Mpesios, Anastasios; Kouretas, Demetrios; Petrotos, Konstantinos; Mitsagga, Chrysanthi; Giavasis, Ioannis; Jamurtas, Athanasios Z2. In the present study we investigated the effects of an olive polyphenol- enriched yogurt on yogurt microflora, as well as hematological, physiological and metabolic parameters, blood redox status and body composition. In a randomized double- blind, crossover design, 1. EC) or 4. 00 g of plain yogurt (control condition- CC) every day for two weeks. Physiological measurements and blood collection were performed before and after two weeks of each condition. The results showed that body weight, body mass index, hip circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased significantly (p < 0. A tendency towards significance for decreased levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p = 0. The population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and production of lactate in yogurt were significantly enhanced after addition of olive polyphenols, contrary to the population of yeasts and molds. The results indicate that consumption of the polyphenol- enriched yogurt may help individuals with non- declared pathology reduce body weight, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol levels and lipid peroxidation, and promote growth of beneficial LAB. Growth performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings fed graded levels of dietary fumonisin B1. Pub. Med. Gbore, Francis A; Adewole, Adeyemo M; Oginni, Olatunde; Oguntolu, Mercy F; Bada, Ayodeji M; Akele, Olatunbosun. Fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus were used to evaluate the effect of dietary fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, on growth, haematological and serum biochemical parameters. The fingerlings were sorted, weighed and randomly stocked in 1. Fusarium- cultured maize grains containing FB1 were used to formulate three diets containing approximately 5. These three diets, plus diet 1, which contained non- Fusarium cultured maize grains that served as the control, were used in a 6- week feeding trial. The final weight gains by the fingerlings were significantly (P. These may have a significant impact on physiological activities and may be vital in immunosuppression in the fingerlings with a strong negative impact on subsequent performance of the fish. The effect of Prosopis farcta beans extract on blood biochemical parameters in streptozotocin- induced diabetic male rats. Pub. Med Central. Dashtban, Mohsen; Sarir, Hadi; Omidi, Arash. Background: The use of herbals in the treatment of diabetes mellitus is a well- established practice in traditional medicine. The medicinal plant Prosopis farcta has some antioxidant activity, which may be useful in diabetic patients. Since, there is no report on the antidiabetic effect of the P. Materials and Methods: Hyperglycemia was induced in male albino Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (5. Three days after induction of diabetes, rats were received an extract of PFE orally for 1. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture to determine liver enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (AST and ALT), cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high and low density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL). Results: The administration of PFE (5. STZ- induced diabetic rats significantly reduced the blood glucose levels when compared with the STZ- control group (2. PFE in diabetic groups had no significant effect on the levels of cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, AST, and ALT compare to the STZ- control group. PMID: 2. 75. 12. 68. The fatty acid profiles in a drop of blood from a fingertip correlate with physiological, dietary and lifestyle parameters in volunteers. Pub. Med. Marangoni, F; Colombo, C; Martiello, A; Negri, E; Galli, C2. Limited data are available on the fatty acid (FA) composition of circulating lipids and the associations with diet, physiological and pathological conditions, due to the complexity and costs of the analytical process. The aim of our study was to evaluate the FA composition in 1. FA, using an innovative analytical approach for the collection and processing of blood samples. Ten subjects were also supplemented with n- 3 polyunsaturated FA as smoked salmon or capsules for 3 weeks. The resulting blood FA composition was affected by gender, pregnancy, diet and smoking.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
August 2017
Categories |